Changes in New York\’s Power of Attorney
Author Gabrielle Wasenius Laws always evolve. Here at the Law Offices of Max Elliott, we stay current on estate planning, estate administration, and probate laws of the jurisdictions we serve. The laws related to the New York Power of Attorney (POA) underwent significant changes in 2021, bringing more flexibility for those preparing POAs and greater safeguards for those relying on them. One notable improvement is that the POA no longer requires an “exact wording” match but only wording that that “substantially conforms” to the statute. Previously, even minor typos or small mistakes could invalidate POAs. While the wording requirement changed, the fundamental rule that an agent’s powers are limited to those listed in the POA remains unchanged. However, the new law allows for more powers to be granted to agents, especially regarding gift-giving. Before the law changed, an agent could only make annual gifts of less than $500 unless the principal initialed a section of the POA to grant authority to the agent to make larger gifts and then also executed a separate Statutory Gifts Rider. The Statutory Gifts Rider had to be notarized and signed by 2 witnesses. These requirements were meant to combat fraud and abuse. But, requiring 2 forms created confusion. While POA forms properly executed under the law in effect at the time of their signing remain valid, the new POA law eliminates the Statutory Gifts Rider completely and allows for gifting provisions to be included in the POAs Modifications section. It also includes a standard provision allowing up to $5,000 in gifts per year, with the option to specify other amounts in the document itself, specifically in the Modifications section. This significantly simplifies the process. The new law also makes POAs easier to use. The law ensures that third parties like banks cannot reject a properly executed POA without good cause, and the statute provides a specific timeframe for them to do so. If they unreasonably refuse to recognize the agent\’s authority, they may be held responsible for damages and reasonable attorney fees and costs by a court. The law also protects those who rely on POAs. The safe harbor provision shields third parties from liability if they act in good faith, even if the POA turns out to be invalid. However, for this protection to apply, the POA must appear to be executed correctly, and the recipient must not have actual knowledge of forgery, voidness, or misuse of authority. This provision does not protect parties involved in fraudulent activities. These legal changes in the New York POA make it easier for agents, principals, and estate planning attorneys to work within the system. A well-prepared POA, along with other advanced directives, can provide valuable protection when needed. Don\’t wait until a crisis; start planning today for a more secure tomorrow.
April Showers Brought May Flowers and More…
Cultivating Your POA Relationships Reaping what you sow translates to more than just the garden—your work, lifestyle, education, relationships (personal and professional). As we previously discussed here and here, as the Principal, you can grant an individual authority through legal instruments to act as your Agent in different ways and for different circumstances. Besides cultivating the relationship with the person designated as your Agent in the power of attorney (POA) world, should you be fostering relationships with others? Yes, third parties. Who are “third parties?” Third parties are any person or entity – such as banks, brokers, businesses, etc. – that your Agent may deal with on your behalf. These entities (or persons) may examine the POA to make sure the Agent does in fact have the proper authority before allowing the Agent to make your legal or financial decisions. In true CYA fashion, these third parties can question the legitimacy of a POA, queuing up legal headaches. By forming a relationship with these entities or persons (and your estate planning attorney, of course), you can let them know about any POAs you form and even introduce them to your Agent before the need for Agent authority arises. Agent Authority. Your Agent may do as much or as little as you have directed them to do and for as long as you have determined they may act for (while keeping in mind that some POAs last indefinitely). It’s crucial that POAs are drafting correctly and fully grasp the details about how you want your affairs handled. Termination and Third Parties. You have the power to terminate the Agent’s authority at any time. But, to make sure the Agent doesn’t continue acting on your behalf without your knowledge, you must notify third parties that the Agent can no longer make legal or financial decisions for you. This is especially important if any third parties have dealt with your Agent previously and the Agent has acted under the POA. You may end up bearing the risk of your Agent continuing to make financial and legal decisions for you if your third parties are unaware that the relationship ended. Start sowing. Maintaining your relationships with your Agent and any third party is equally as important even after you have a POA in place. Iron out the specifics by talking with your New York estate planning attorney to make sure your ducks are all in a row.
Springing into power? Deciding the Right POA in New York
Written by Melissa Aristizabal We sprang forward into spring on March 8th but have been diligently cooped up #stayhome dreaming of brighter days to come. Planning for the future (well, further out than this public health crisis, of course) often includes having a plan in place so that another person — someone you trust – may legally act on your behalf. This is especially important if you’re unable to do so. This grant of legal rights is known as a Power of Attorney (POA). A POA is a legal document that, under New York law, allows you, the ”Principal,” to appoint an another individual as your “Agent” to act and make legal decisions on your behalf. The authority granted to the Agent can cover multiple areas or can be narrowed to one such as real estate transactions. You, the Principal decides this agency scope. So when can the Agent begin acting on your behalf? Either immediately or on the happening of a specific event or date. Simple enough, right? Not so fast. This determination can have drastic consequences. Durable Power of Attorney. A durable POA is one that grants rights immediately to the agent which will survive even if the principal becomes incapacitated—meaning when you no longer have the ability to physically or mentally make legal, financial, or personal decisions for yourself. A Durable POA will last until the principal revokes it or passes away. If the principal decides to revoke a durable POA, the principal must notify any third parties in writing that the agent cannot act on their behalf. So what’s the main issue here? This type of POA is indefinite. Springing Power of Attorney. On the other hand, a springing POA comes into play when a specific event or a specific date occurs. To create a springing POA, an event or a date must be spelled out in the POA at the time of signing. An issue that arises here is that, if the event never occurs or the Principal loses capacity before the specific date, then the POA is of no use and the Agent cannot act on behalf of the Principal. The Agent cannot act on behalf of the Principal and the Principal does not have the capacity to enter into a new durable POA unless and until the event or date occurs. However, this does not ring true for springing POA’s where the event is in fact a determination of incapacity – then the POA becomes a durable POA. Worried about abuse of power? New York state law allows you to appoint a watchdog to keep tabs on your Agent. Your monitor can – under Section 5-1509 of the General Obligations Code – request receipts and records of all transactions made by the Agent and on your behalf. The monitor can also request a copy of the POA. This helps to ensure that the Agent is acting with your best interests and within the power given under the POA. Now, It\’s Up to you. As the Principal, it is ultimately your decision on the type and scope of your POA . Thinking about obtaining a POA? Good. Just be sure to contact your New York estate planning attorney to help you work out the specifics.
Properly Caring for Great Grannies
One of my most cherished childhood memories is of my great-grandmother sitting on her single, long braid, in her rocking chair, as I patted her hand. She would quietly rock in the sun room of my grandmother’s home, her soft brown eyes staring out the window. She never said a word, which was fine with me. I was told that at one point during her life’s journey, she just stopped talking. Since my baby sister had just been born, I appreciated the solace of quiet and not speaking. So Great Granny and I would just sit in silence together and let the sun warm our faces until… I walked into the sun room one day and she was not there. Gone. Forever. In heaven. Recalling that memory from an estate planning attorney’s perspective helps me realize how very fortunate our family was. Great Granny was only mentally incapacitated, and her incapacity did not present itself in aggressive or belligerent behavior. Equally important was the fact that our family had all the resources needed to care for Great Granny 24-7. Many families who regularly reach out to our office are not so fortunate: Since those years long ago, our country has experienced economic peaks and valleys and the State of Illinois has entered an economic abyss. Thus, if an older parent becomes incapacitated today, in Illinois, and the family has limited means, the parent and, indirectly, the family will likely confront difficult circumstances, at best, unless a plan consisting of comprehensive Advanced Directives, at the very least, is in place. Often, as parents age without a plan, children will download and prepare Powers of Attorney for healthcare or finance but these documents rarely provide the protections needed to establish the kind of care aging loved ones require, especially those who may be confronting incapacity. Additionally, the way mental incapacity presents may preclude loved ones from taking the most important initial step – obtaining a mental health assessment from a doctor. So, if anyone wonders why estate planning is so critical, think of it in the following ways. Comprehensive plans, established before sundowning, prevent loved ones from: (1) starting fatal home fires; (2) causing family poverty; and (3) causing themselves and the family unnecessary trauma of other sorts. In other words, proper planning protects parents, families, and grandchildren’s cherished memories.
5 VIP To-Dos Before Packing the Suitcase…
According to AAA, approximately 44.2 million people were to travel the weekend before the 2017 Independence Day holiday. Still, Americans are becoming more and more transient: Not just holidays, but graduations, vacations, and family reunions beckon lots of us away from the place we call “home.” With clients who are “snow birds,” non-U.S. citizen spouses, or dual citizenship partners, our firm has a unique perspective to share with you when it comes to protecting your loved ones as you “move freely about the cabin”: Advanced Directives, aka “Powers of Attorney.” Have them. Let your agents and successor agents know you’re travelling and how to contact you, even if you climbing Machu Picchu. Financial and Health Professionals. Copy them. Make sure your banks, brokerage houses, and doctors have copies of your Advanced Directives on file. Children’s Successor Guardians. Name them. Let them know you’re traveling with or without the kids and also how to contact you. If you have kids and are climbing Picchu, carrier pigeons may be an option. Destination Hospitals, Pharmacies, and Emergency Clinics. Know their locations in reference to your accommodations and their rules on treating patients or filling prescriptions for patients outside of their jurisdiction. “Check in” upon your return. Let your \”team\” know they can relax and maybe take a vacation, too. Nobody wants to become seriously ill while on vacation. However, with the right plan in pace and information in the appropriate hands, if you do become ill while travelling, you can focus on becoming better, knowing your trusted fiduciaries have your best interests under control just as you would. Happy, Safe, & Fun Travels!
The Other 1%*
In the beginning of my career as an estate planner, like many Americans, I was constantly bombarded with news about the “one-percenters” – Americans who were the wealthiest of our population. With respect to estate planning, these folks had all kinds of complex trusts – GRATs, SLATs, DAPTs, CRATs, pick your trust acronym – to suit their particular needs. The one-percenters have so much wealth that in addition to lack of anxiety over financial matters, future generations of their families generally share this liberating lack of anxiety. Because our community beat the drum so loudly in an effort to assist the one-percenters in preserving their wealth, when asked what I did for a living invariably, upon hearing the response, someone would say: “Oh, you help the one-percenters; that’s not me. I’ll call you when I get there.” Yet, as an estate administrator, I also know that those who rejected the notion of needing planning help because they weren’t a one-percenter were gravely (pun intended) mistaken. Folks in the 99% category are adversely affected in a much greater proportion by loss of wealth or earning potential than the one-percenters who experience loss of wealth. On a dramatic scale, a one-percenter who loses significant wealth may go from a McMansion to a bungalow; a 99%r may go from a bungalow to a homeless shelter. I witness it nearly every time I step into probate court. Consider this example: Ben owns thousands of acres that includes a successful dairy farm, a few oil wells, a couple of streams, and farmland that produces various grains. Ben’s family has not had any financial worries in more than a century; so, yes, they’re in the one-percenters. Several years ago, Ben assumed running the family “business” from his mother and when he did so, he spent about $100,000 in estate, retirement, and business planning fees. He now spends a nominal fraction of that annually between the 3. Ben’s plan safeguards the land and income it produces, and the initial fee structure represented less than 1% of the value of his family’s wealth. Now, consider your own wealth or your family’s wealth, whether you’re at the beginning, middle, or end of your “peak” wealth accumulation period. Next, consider your health. If you were to become seriously ill, is your earning potential, current capacity, or nest egg protected? Just like Ben, the one-percenter, you too, can use less than one-percent of your wealth or earning potential to protect what you have earned or your capacity; you can safeguard you and your loved ones and even future generations with just 1% of your family\’s annual earnings. After the popularity whirling about the one-percenters cooled, we started hearing a lot about “leaning in.” I recommend we zoom in. Focusing on the one-percenters while fun is also futile; instead, focus on the other one-percent – the 1% of you that can 100% help your family. *Credit for the title goes to my dear colleague, Stephen L. Hoffman.
Healthcare Privacy and the \”Ick!\” Factor
In our most recent newsletter, we shared with readers the importance of maintaining privacy when preparing advanced directives. Folks tend to have no problem with understanding privacy and money, but when it comes to privacy and health, the same deference is often not given. Still, if we’re fortunate, many of us will live a long time. Given that good fortune, it’s also likely that some of that living will entail having to overcome or manage illnesses or health challenges we would rather loved ones not know about. Moreover, if the illness is irrelevant with respect to addressing our current medical issue, there’s no reason for them to know. Yet, how often do individuals find themselves in emergency rooms, signing paperwork, unaware that all of their medical history may be released to the person they designate while they\’re sitting in excruciating pain? Right. Not cool. This particular potential angst can be avoided with a few steps and considerations: Ensuring the advanced directives for healthcare are tailored uniquely to the needs of the current situation. Ensuring that the directives – power of attorney for healthcare, mental health treatment declaration, and HIPAA forms – work in tandem with each other. Thinking about not just who should receive the information but when the information should be released. For example, do our parents really need to know about the yeast infection we were treated for a few months ago when we’re in the ER because of appendicitis? Probably not. ***Disclaimer: This is not to say that we, lawyers, know how medical treatment is determined, especially when Botox, the stuff to make wrinkles disappear is now purported to calm muscle spasms. No, we are not doctors licensed to make treatment decisions.*** Conversely, if you’re incapacitated and feverish and the doctors can’t determine the cause, then a loved one may, in fact, need your complete medical history in order to make a fully-informed decision about your medical treatment. Thus, we are brought back to the issue of who should be our agent. In this situation, perhaps instead of a parent being designated an agent, because of the information \”ick factor,\” designating a close friend would be more advisable. Finally, but equally important is that we make these decisions are made before a visit to the ER is even contemplated, let alone needed.
Don\’t Try This at Home…Though the Law Says Differently
On September 24, 2014, the Illinois legislature enacted an amendment to the Illinois Power of Attorney Act. The Act was changed to “simplify” the healthcare power of attorney form. Estate planning attorneys in Illinois have been watching this legislation for a while, hoping that it would die. Unfortunately, it lives and the consequences we foresee are anything but simple. In fact, it looks like our legislature gave our citizens an early Halloween scare. The problem is that this can produce genuinely monstrous results: No standard form is required. So in medical emergencies, doctors must use their own judgment about legal forms. Huh? The notice page that makes the suggested format legal is FIVE PAGES long, which includes a litany of questions users are to ask themselves and presumably include answers to on their healthcare power of attorney “form.” Yeah, right. The form you use can be “included” or “combined” with the statutory property power of attorney. Doing so will allow your bankers to read all about your health concerns and your doctors can do the same with issues concerning your finances. Did our legislature forget about HIPAA? The changes removes actual provisions regarding choice of agent…OK…so that’s a tad misleading – that guidance is somewhere in that FIVE PAGE notice. What is optional in the form of your choosing is selecting quality of life over length of live, with some mention about pain. The changes remove language from the suggested format that reflects actual U.S. congressional privacy laws for medical practitioners and third parties. This language is now placed in the statute. Presumably, users will review the Illinois Power of Attorney Act, understand it, then read FIVE PAGES of notice, understand that notice, and create this legally sound, uniquely tailored form. Yeah, right. The form also provides that successor agents are “optional.” Not providing successors has always been optional, lawyers just didn\’t like saying so. We don\’t like telling folks about that particular option because not providing successor agents is tantamount to driving 70 MPH on a busy highway with no seat belt or airbags. Forget Frankenstein or Freddie Krueger, the new changes to the Illinois Power of Attorney Act are sufficiently scary and worse – they\’re REAL.
A 90-Second Story on How Estate Planning Saves Lives*
Monday morning I typically share basic information about estate planning, hoping that someone will understand that it just isn\’t about planning for death. Yet, one also hopes that the plans you create don\’t go into effect until decades later but experience illustrates that is not the case. Then, this past weekend, into my inbox came an email from a former client, proving this very point: Estate planning is critical even if you have a very modest estate and even if you are young, e.g., late 20s. This is a scary story with a happy ending from a former client who gave consent to share. I share because my job is to protect and life is unpredictable. All personal identifying information has been removed and this sharing is consistent with what is allowed per the State of Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct and the American Bar Association Model Rules of Conduct. Hi Max, I hope all has been well with you… I recently had a medical emergency. Only because I have a living will and my medical providers have a copy of the document you prepare/instruct your clients to send to specific providers was I able to have my medical wishes honored. If I hadn\’t had you prepare my will, if my medical providers hadn\’t had a copy of the documents… I would likely be in an even worse medical situation. It was a horrifying experience… Thank you so much for preparing my will and for preparing the documents my medical providers needed in order to advocate for me. I only had you prepare my will in case I ended up dead or in a coma — I had no idea that the will could be life-saving while I was conscious and able to express my wishes. I am not exaggerating when I say that you helped save my life. This is a true story and why I love my job. *Having the appropriate documents in place doesn\’t always work, regardless of who prepares them. Yet, having some kind of plan is generally better than not having a plan at all.
Jennifer\’s Story – A Fiduciary\’s Tale, Part 3
If you’ve been following Jen’s story, you know that Bill’s, her father, condition was made worse by secondary emergency procedures instituted upon Alex’s, Jen’s brother, instructions to the ER doctors. This was an emergency; Jen was 30 minutes away; and the records were 10 minutes from being received by the ER. When the records arrived, it was clear from all of the advanced directives that Alex was not considered a fiduciary or personal representative. He was not to be given any information whatsoever. And as mentioned in the previous article, the information needed to prevent the complication that Bill suffered arrived 10 minutes after Alex had given the doctors the green light. In this case, because there was no third back-up to Jen and no way to contact her, the secondary steps taken could not have been avoided. The doctors proceeded with their hospital’s policy and that may not have been avoided even if Alex said he wasn’t a fiduciary. In emergencies, the difference between life and death can be seconds sometimes. So if Bill doesn’t fully recover or recover at all, the ultimate responsibility for his disability or death will likely sit with Bill for not naming a third back-up. The guilt will, however, rest heavily on Jen and possibly Alex. However, the doctor who spoke with Alex isn’t completely exonerated. Once the doctor saw who was designated on the advanced directives, which included the HIPAA forms, to receive Bill and Carla’s personal health information, the doctor should not have had any further conversation about Bill’s condition with Alex. Nevertheless, he continued speaking with Alex and sharing Bill’s medical history, contrary to law. Privacy provisions under HIPAA prohibit sharing personal health information with anyone, even next of kin, unless the person is designated as a personal representative on the form. Needless to say, Jen became even more distraught when she spoke with her attorney. Now, Alex has faded into the ER waiting room background and Jen is visiting with Carla, whose condition has improved to stable. Jen can’t tell Carla about Bill though and is contemplating the worst case scenario for Bill. Still, as Jen sits quietly while Carla sleeps, Jen reviews one document that provides a sliver of peace of mind at least for her parents, though the doctors probably won’t understand. But they don’t have to; families have their own overall personalities as these doctors will find out and the law is the law. More to come… Jen\’s Story – A Fiduciary\’s Tale, Part 1 | 2 | 3